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The law relied on coded language to exclude "aliens ineligible for citizenship" which primarily applied to Chinese and Japanese immigrants. The Naturalization Act of 1870 extended naturalization to Black persons, but not to other non-white persons, but revoked the citizenship of naturalized Chinese Americans. The Fourteenth Amendment overruled previous court decisions and gave U.S.-born African Americans citizenship through birthright citizenship. Racial discrimination in naturalization and immigration continued despite the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (ratified in 1868). The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, made under the Indian Removal Act of 1830, allowed those Choctaw Indians who chose to remain in Mississippi to gain recognition as US citizens, the first major non-European ethnic group to become entitled to US citizenship.
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Tennessee's 1834 Constitution included a provision: “the free white men of this State have a right to Keep and bear arms for their common defense.” The second Militia Act of 1792 also provided for the conscription of every "free able-bodied white male citizen". Citizenship and the lack of it profoundly impacted various legal and political rights, the most notable of which were suffrage rights at both the federal and state level, the right to hold certain government offices, jury duty, military service in the United States Armed Forces, as well as many other activities, besides access to government assistance and services. The Naturalization Act of 1790 set the first uniform rules for the granting of United States citizenship by naturalization, which limited naturalization to "free white person", thus excluding Native Americans, indentured servants, slaves, free Blacks and later Asians from citizenship. 9.3.1 Nazi Germany's inspiration from American racismĪspects of American life Citizenship and immigration.
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7 Middle Eastern and South Asian Americans.4.5 Anti-Filipino sentiment and legislation.4.4 Anti-Japanese sentiment and legislation.2.3 World War II to the Civil Rights Movement.Human Rights Network, " discrimination in the United States permeates all aspects of life and extends to all communities of color." In the view of the United Nations and the U.S.
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society, including the criminal justice system, business, the economy, housing, health care, the media, and politics. Into the 21st century, research has uncovered extensive evidence of racial discrimination in various sectors of modern U.S. Racial politics remains a major phenomenon, and racism continues to be reflected in socioeconomic inequality. Formal racial discrimination was largely banned by the mid-20th century and over time, coming to be perceived as being socially and morally unacceptable. Racism has manifested itself in a variety of ways, including genocide, slavery, lynchings, segregation, Native American reservations and boarding schools, racist immigration and naturalization laws, and internment camps. In addition, non- Protestant immigrants from Europe, particularly Jews, Poles, Italians, and the Irish were often subjected to xenophobic exclusion and other forms of ethnicity-based discrimination. Hispanics, Middle Eastern and Asian Americans along with Pacific Islanders have also been the victims of discrimination. Native Americans have suffered genocide, forced removals, and massacres, and they continue to face discrimination. Before 1865, most African Americans were enslaved and even afterwards, they have faced severe restrictions on their political, social, and economic freedoms. Racism against various ethnic or minority groups has existed in the United States since the early colonial era. European Americans, particularly affluent white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, are said to have enjoyed advantages in matters of education, immigration, voting rights, citizenship, land acquisition, and criminal procedure. Throughout American history, white Americans have generally enjoyed legally or socially sanctioned privileges and rights, which have been denied to members of various ethnic or minority groups at various times.
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Racism in the United States comprises negative attitudes and views on race or ethnicity which are related to each other, are held by various people and groups in the United States, and have been reflected in discriminatory laws, practices and actions (including violence) at various times in the history of the United States against racial or ethnic groups.